Formal Models of Divide-and-Conquer Queuing Systems in 5G Infrastructures

In recent decades, the evolution of digital technologies has led to the proliferation of highly distributed, dynamic, and heterogeneous information and communication systems (ICS). Among them, 5G-IoT infrastructures, with their inherently dense topologies, variable load patterns, and heightened vulnerability to cyber threats, have introduced new challenges in ensuring resource efficiency, operational continuity, and dependable performance. These systems increasingly underpin critical domains such as – Industrial automation, smart energy, transportation, and healthcare–where failures or delays are intolerable. Consequently, the demand for robust analytical models capable of capturing the complexity of such infrastructures has never been greater.